Evacuation Theory

In evacuation, the actions and decisions of first aiders are governed by simple acronyms which first aiders can rely on, regardless of the situation.

General Approach (DUE)
DUE summarises how a first aider typically approaches an emergency scenario. It can be understood as the Evacuation equivalent of the Course of Action (ADATE).

Diagnosis (D)
Always find out what had happened to the casualty. (E.g. Is there any major fracture or involvement of his neck and spine)

Use Of Priority In First Aid (U)
Do first things first. Avoid doing unnecessary treatment. (E.g. if casualty is in danger, evacuate him first.) At other times, we may have to do first aid first i.e. artificial respiration or a severe bleeding has to be controlled first.

Evacuate (E)
Evacuate or transport the patient to a safe location or to hospital as quickly as possible. Do not delay. Every second is of vital importance to a seriously injured patient.

Note: Improper handling, frequent handling, or rough and hurried evacuation might aggravate victim’s condition, hence his life might be jeopardized.

Decisions of Methods (TIDA)
TIDA is an acronym that reminds first aiders of the factors to be considered when choosing evacuation methods.

Type of Injuries (T)
The severity and position of injuries e.g. miniskirt is not advisable for a casualty with an upper arm fracture

Immediate Surroundings (I)
The presence of obstacles may affect the choice of evacuation method. e.g. under obstacle stretcher drill might be used when there is a low tunnel.

Distance to Shelter (D)
Less stamina-intensive evacuation methods such as fireman's lift may be used over other methods such as cradle carry.

Availability of Personnel or Materials/Equipment (A)
The availability of items such as stretchers and additional manpower may assist evacuation e.g. evacuation by canvas stretcher is faster and more stable than evacuation by human stretcher

Safety (S)
The route and equipment used must be safe. Cases have occurred in which patients have fallen off a stretcher or the stretcher itself has become unserviceable and collapsed. Stretchers should be periodically inspected, ensuring it is serviceable. When executing evacuation methods, the safety of the casualty and the first aiders is of paramount importance.

Observation (O)
Observe the casualty for any visible changes in vital signs during transportation. Ensure airway is open, bleeding controlled, fracture properly immobilized.

Speed (S)
Evacuate as quickly as possible, provided that safety is not compromised.

Steadiness (S)
Avoid jolting of patient while carrying, yet ensuring that evacuation is done as quickly as possible.